Self-perception of periodontal health status among individuals with Fanconi anemia

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease characterized by congenital malformations and bone marrow failure. One of the most common oral diseases in individuals with FA is periodontitis and adequate self-perception of periodontal status could contribute to its prevention and early detection. Aim: To compare oral health self-perception, measured by a questionnaire, with the clinical oral condition of patients with FA. Methods and Results: Fifty-six patients with FA, over 11 years of age, answered a questionnaire about dental history and self-reported oral health. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), Visible Plaque Index (VPI) and Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) were measured. The median age of participants was 21 years (min 11, max 44), 31 (55%) were females and 25 (45%) males. Thirty-five (62.5%) participants rated their oral condition as satisfactory and 7 (12.5%) participants reported tooth mobility, 10 (17.9%) exposed roots and 21 (37.5%) gingival bleeding. Clinical examination detected average DMFT = 5.23, VPI = 31.36% and GBI = 33.77%. The gingival bleeding report was more frequent among individuals with higher GBI (p = 0.014). The DMFT was higher in those who had already undergone dental treatments (p = 0.031). There was an association between participants who presented dental caries and who rated their oral health as poor (p = 0.03). The question "Do your gums bleed easily?" had good accuracy in the evaluation of periodontal disease (p = 0.68). Conclusion: Oral health self-perception of individuals with FA about gingival inflammation was associated with their gingival bleeding index.

In vitro antimicrobial effect of cetylpyridinium chloride on complex multispecies subgingival biofilm

Abstract Periodontopathogenic subgingival biofilm is the main etiological agent of periodontitis. Thus, a search for antimicrobials as adjuvant for periodontal treatment in the literature is intense. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a well-known antimicrobial agent commonly used in mouthrinses. However, CPC effects on a complex biofilm model were not found over the literature. Therefore, the aim of this manuscript is to evaluate 0.075% CPC antimicrobial properties in a multispecies subgingival biofilm model in vitro. The subgingival biofilm composed by 31 species related to periodontitis was formed for 7 days, using the calgary device. The treatments with CPC and chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% (as positive control) were performed 2x/day, for 1 min, from day 3 until the end of experimental period, totaling 8 treatments. After 7 days of biofilm formation, biofilm metabolic activity was evaluated by a colorimetric reaction and biofilms microbial composition by DNA-DNA hybridization. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with data transformed via BOX-COX followed by Dunnett post-hoc. Both CPC and CHX reduced biofilm metabolic activity in 60% and presented antimicrobial activity against 13 different species. Specifically, only CHX reduced levels of F.n. vicentii and P. gingivalis while only CPC reduced A. odontolyticus and A. israelli. CPC was as effective as CHX as antimicrobial through in vitro complex multispecies subgingival biofilm. However, future studies using in vivo models of experimental periodontal disease should be performed to prove such effect.

Resumo O biofilme subgengival periodontopatogênico é o principal agente etiológico da periodontite. Assim, a pesquisa de antimicrobianos como adjuvantes para o tratamento periodontal na literatura é intensa. Cloreto de cetilpiridínio (CPC) é um agente antimicrobiano comumente usado em enxaguatórios bucais. No entanto não foram encontrados na literatura estudos avaliando os efeitos do CPC em um modelo complexo de biofilme. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é avaliar as propriedades antimicrobianas do cloreto de cetilpiridinio 0,075% em um modelo de biofilme subgengival multiespécie in vitro. O biofilme subgengival composto por 31 espécies relacionadas à periodontite foi formado por 7 dias, utilizando o dispositivo calgary. Os tratamentos com CPC e clorexidina (CHX) 0,12% (controle positivo) foram realizados 2x/dia, por 1 min, do dia 3 até o final do período experimental, totalizando 8 tratamentos. Após 7 dias de formação do biofilme, a atividade metabólica do biofilme foi avaliada por reação colorimétrica e a composição microbiana dos biofilmes por hibridização DNA-DNA. A análise estatística foi realizada usando ANOVA com dados transformados via BOX-COX seguido do teste de Dunnett. Tanto o CPC como a CHX reduziram a atividade metabólica do biofilme em aproximadamente 60% e apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra 13 espécies diferentes. Especificamente, apenas os níveis de F.n. Vicentii e P. gingivalis foram reduzidos somente pelo tratamento com a CHX enquanto apenas o CPC reduziu A. odontolyticus e A. israelli. O CPC foi tão eficaz quanto o CHX como antimicrobiano através de biofilme subgengival complexo multiespecífico in vitro. No entanto, futuros estudos usando modelos in vivo de doença periodontal experimental devem ser realizados para comprovar tal efeito.

Análise físico-química da superfície de titânio após tratamento químico de descontaminação com clorexidina: estudo in vitro / Physical and chemical analysis of the titanium surface after chemical treatment of decontamination with chlorexidine: in vitro study

Introdução: Tratamentos têm sido propostos para a peri-implantite com o objetivo de descontaminar a superfície dos implantes, removendo microrganismos que podem estar associados à doença. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação in vitro de diferentes métodos de aplicação de digluconato de clorexidina (CLX) na descontaminação de discos de titânio (Ti) com microtopografia e seu efeito físico-químico sobre a superfície. Material e método: Vinte discos de Ti foram expostos a inóculo de Escherichia coli por 24 horas. Foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de descontaminação (n=5): 1 - um minuto de exposição à solução de CLX 0,12%; 2 - dois minutos de exposição à solução de CLX 0,12%; 3 - esfregaço durante um minuto com gel de CLX 1%; 4 - esfregaço durante um minuto com gel de CLX 2%. O produto de cada disco foi diluído e plaqueado individualmente. Após 24 horas, realizou-se contagem das unidades de colônias formadas (UFC). Resultado: O grupo com o menor número de crescimento de UFC foi o grupo 4 (0,20±0,37), com apenas UFC em uma das amostras. Seguido do grupo 2 (0,40±0,73), grupo 1 (18,60±33,96). O grupo 3 apresentou as maiores quantidades de UFC (36,07±41,39). Em todas as amostras, foi possível observar uma diminuição estatisticamente significante da concentração superficial de Ti, assim como um aumento de oxigênio. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que o uso de CLX gel a 2% em superfícies de Ti com microtopografia contaminadas com E. coli propicia a eliminação das UFC e que sua aplicação resulta em diminuição do percentual de Ti e aumento do teor de O.

Introduction: Treatments have been proposed for peri-implantitis aiming to decontaminate the implants` surface removing microorganisms associated with the disease. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro action of application of chlorhexidine digluconate (CLX) in the decontamination of titanium (Ti) discs with microtopography and its chemical-physical effect on the surface. Material and method: Twenty Ti discs were exposed to the Escherichia coli inoculum for 24 hours. Distributed equally in 4 decontamination groups (n = 5): 1- one minute of exposure to the 0.12% CLX solution; 2- two minutes of exposure to the 0.12% CLX solution; 3- smear for 1 minute with 1% CLX gel; and 4- smearing for 1 minute with 2% CLX gel. The product was diluted and plated individually. After 24 hours, colony units formed (CFU) were counted. Result: The group with the lowest number of CFU growth was group 4 (0.20 ± 0.37) with only one CFU in one of the samples. Followed by group 2 (0.40 ± 0.73), group 1 (18.60 ± 33.96), and group 3, which presented the highest amounts of CFU (36.07 ± 41.39). In all samples it was possible to observe a statistically significant decrease in the surface concentration of Ti, as well as an increase in oxygen. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the use of 2% CLX gel on Ti surfaces with microtopography contaminated with E.coli allows the elimination of CFU, and that its application results in a decrease in the percentage of Ti and an increase in the content of O.

Evaluación longitudinal de la mucositis oral en el trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas: un estudio piloto / Longitudinal evaluation of oral mucositis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a pilot study

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la incidencia y el puntaje de la mucositis oral (MO) y las morbilidades relacionadas en individuos sometidos a trasplante de células madre hematopoyéticas (TCMH) a lo largo del período de inmunosupresión. Métodos: Los sujetos con enfermedades onco / hematológicas, mayores de 14 años, sometidos a TCMH alogénico fueron evaluados diariamente por la presencia y clasificación de OM, nivel de dolor, disfagia, disgeusia y xerostomía. El examen comenzó dos días antes de la infusión de células madre hematopoyéticas y finalizó veinte días después. La OM se clasificó de acuerdo con la escala de la OMS y se utilizó la escala analógica visual (EVA) para medir el nivel de dolor. Resultados: Se reclutaron 23 individuos, el 83% con enfermedades malignas y el 91% con OM. La mediana del grado máximo de OM fue 3 y el nivel máximo de dolor fue 9. Hubo una mediana de 11 días de uso de medicación opioide. Los sujetos que tuvieron el mayor número de días con dolor en la boca alcanzaron el grado máximo de OM y el mayor número de días y el uso de opioides. Conclusión: Hubo una alta incidencia y puntuaciones más altas de OM, pérdida de masa corporal y dolor en esta muestra.

Abstract Aim: To describe the oral mucositis (OM)` incidence and score, and related morbidities in individuals submitted to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) throughout the immunosuppression period of time. Methods: Subjects with onco / hematological diseases, older than 14 years, submitted to allogeneic HSCT were daily evaluated by the presence and classification of OM, pain level, dysphagia, dysgeusia and xerostomia. The examination started two days before the infusion of hematopoietic stem cells and ended twenty days later. The OM was classified according to the WHO scale and visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure pain level. Results: Twenty-three individuals were recruted, 83% with malignant diseases and 91% had OM. The median of maximum OM degree was 3 and the maximum pain level was 9. There was a median of 11 days of opioid medication use. The subjects who had the highest mean number of days with mouth pain reached the maximum degree of OM and higher number of days and opiod use. Conclusion: There was a high incidence and high scores of OM, loss of body mass and pain in this sample.

Mechanisms of action of systemic antibiotics used in periodontal treatment and mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these drugs

Antibiotics are important adjuncts in the treatment of infectious diseases, including periodontitis. The most severe criticisms to the indiscriminate use of these drugs are their side effects and, especially, the development of bacterial resistance. The knowledge of the biological mechanisms involved with the antibiotic usage would help the medical and dental communities to overcome these two problems. Therefore, the aim of this manuscript was to review the mechanisms of action of the antibiotics most commonly used in the periodontal treatment (i.e. penicillin, tetracycline, macrolide and metronidazole) and the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these drugs. Antimicrobial resistance can be classified into three groups: intrinsic, mutational and acquired. Penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin are broad-spectrum drugs, effective against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Bacterial resistance to penicillin may occur due to diminished permeability of the bacterial cell to the antibiotic; alteration of the penicillin-binding proteins, or production of β-lactamases. However, a very small proportion of the subgingival microbiota is resistant to penicillins. Bacteria become resistant to tetracyclines or macrolides by limiting their access to the cell, by altering the ribosome in order to prevent effective binding of the drug, or by producing tetracycline/macrolide-inactivating enzymes. Periodontal pathogens may become resistant to these drugs. Finally, metronidazole can be considered a prodrug in the sense that it requires metabolic activation by strict anaerobe microorganisms. Acquired resistance to this drug has rarely been reported. Due to these low rates of resistance and to its high activity against the gram-negative anaerobic bacterial species, metronidazole is a promising drug for treating periodontal infections.

Doença periodontal e sua influência no controle metabólico do diabete / Periodontal disease and its influence on the metabolic control of diabetes

INTRODUÇÃO: Atualmente se aceita que a doença periodontal (DP) é mais prevalente e mais severa em pessoas portadoras de diabete melito (DM) do que nas não diabéticas. Por outro lado, indivíduos com periodontite severa podem apresentar dificuldade em realizar o controle glicêmico. OBJETIVO: Por meio de uma revisão da literatura, determinar a influência da DP no controle metabólico dos pacientes diabéticos. REVISÃO DE LITERATURA: Mediante pesquisa na base de dados PubMed entre os meses de novembro e dezembro de 2008 foram relacionados diversos artigos da bibliografia atual e clássica, utilizando unitermos como periodontite e diabete melito. Dos 44 trabalhos encontrados, metade (n = 22) referia-se a estudos em humanos após tratamento periodontal mecânico somente ou associado a uma terapia antimicrobiana tópica ou sistêmica. Destes, dez apresentaram resultados benéficos quanto ao controle glicêmico. Três artigos (n = 3) traziam pesquisas simulando a periodontite em ratos pré-dispostos ou portadores de DM. Os resultados para as investigações epidemiológicas (n = 5), de revisão de literatura e meta-análise (n = 14) mostraram-se positivamente similares aos estudos em humanos após tratamento periodontal para quatro e 11 artigos, nessa ordem. As possíveis trajetórias patofisiológicas comuns entre DP e DM avaliadas pelos autores foram relacionadas a marcadores inflamatórios, à resposta do hospedeiro alterada e à resistência a insulina. CONCLUSÃO: A periodontite pode influenciar no controle glicêmico do diabete. No entanto a padronização das pesquisas no tocante à terapia periodontal e ao grupo testado torna-se necessária para consolidar a relação bidirecional entre DP e DM e auxiliar no tratamento multiprofissional dos pacientes acometidos por tais patologias.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, it is accepted that the periodontal disease is more prevalent and severe in people with diabetes mellitus glycemic index. compared to non-diabetic people. On the other hand, patients with severe periodontitis may present difficulty in performing glycemic control. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to determine, through a literature review, the influence of the periodontal disease on the metabolic control of diabetic patients. LITERATURE REVIEW: PubMed database was searched, from November to December of 2008, and several studies comprising the current and classic literature were listed, using the following uniterms: periodontitis and diabetes mellitus. Forty and four reports were found. Half of them (n = 22) was conducted in humans after the mechanic periodontal treatment alone or associated with a topic or systemic antimicrobial therapy. Ten of these studies presented beneficial results regarding to the glycemic control. Three studies (n = 3) were conducted in animals, simulating periodontitis in pre-diabetic or diabetic rats. The results of epidemiologic (n = 5), literature review, and meta-analysis (n = 14) studies were positively similar to the studies in humans after the periodontal treatment, in 4 and 11 articles, respectively. The most common possible patho-physiological paths between periodontal disease (DP) and diabetes mellitus (DM) evaluated by the authors were related to the inflammatory markers, the host's modified response, and the resistance to insulin. CONCLUSION: Periodontitis may influence on the glycemic control of diabetes. However, the study's standardization in relation to both the periodontal therapy and the studied groups are necessary to consolidate the bidirectional relationship between DP and DM and to help in the multidisciplinary treatment of the patients suffering of these diseases.

Efeitos da profilaxia profissional repetida como terapia adjunta à raspagem e alisamento radicular / The efect of professional supragengival plaque control as part of the active phase of periodontal therapy

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos clínicos e microbiológicos da terapia de raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) isoladamente ou em combinação com o controle profissional da placa supragengival (CPP). Foram selecionados 30 indivíduos com periodontite crônica e, posteriormente, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos terapêuticos: controle (RAR) e teste (RAR + CPP). Os exames clínicos (índice de placa, índice gengival, profundidade de sondagem, nível clínico de inserção, sangramento à sondagem e supuração) e microbiológico (Teste BANA) foram realizados no momento inicial, 40 e 60 dias após a terapia de RAR. A terapia de RAR foi realizada em 21 dias e o CPP foi iniciado juntamente com a RAR, duas vezes semanais, e prosseguiu durante 40 dias após o término desta. Os parâmetros clínicos foram reduzidos significativamente aos 60 dias pós-terapia em ambos os grupos terapêuticos (p6 mm) no grupo CPP tiveram melhores resultados em relação à redução do acúmulo de placa e na profundidade de sondagem em comparação ao grupo controle. Ambas as terapias levaram a melhora microbiológica durante o período experimental (p0,05). Em conclusão, a combinação do CPP com a RAR promove benefícios clínicos em comparação com a RAR isolada.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of scaling and root planing (RAR) alone or in combination with professional supragingival pla- que control (CPP). Thirty subjects with chronic periodontitis were assigned into two therapeutic groups: Control (RAR) and Test (RAR + CPP). Clinical (visible plaque, gingival bleeding, probing depth, clinical attachment levei, bleeding on probing and suppuration) and microbiological (BANA Test] examinations were performed at baseline, 40 and 60 days post-SRP. The CPP treatment was made twice a week and began with SRP and was continued for 40 days post-SRP. The clinical pa- rameters were significantly reduced at 60 days post-therapy in both treatment groups (p6mm) in the PPC group also had a better reduction in the percentage of sites with bleeding on probing and in probing depth and in the gain of clinical attachment compared to the control group. Both therapies led to a microbiological improvement overtime (p0.05). In conclusion, the combination of CPP and RAR leads to clinical benefits in comparison to RAR alone.